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# Algorand Specifications

| OPCODE | DESCRIPTION |
| --- | --- |
| `err` | Fail immediately. |
| `bnz target` | branch to TARGET if value A is not zero |
| `bz target` | branch to TARGET if value A is zero |
| `b target` | branch unconditionally to TARGET |
| `return` | use A as success value; end |
| `pop` | discard A |
| `popn n` | remove N values from the top of the stack |
| `dup` | duplicate A |
| `dup2` | duplicate A and B |
| `dupn n` | duplicate A, N times |
| `dig n` | Nth value from the top of the stack. dig 0 is equivalent to dup |
| `bury n` | replace the Nth value from the top of the stack with A. bury 0 fails. |
| `cover n` | remove top of stack, and place it deeper in the stack such that N elements are above it. Fails if stack depth <= N. |
| `uncover n` | remove the value at depth N in the stack and shift above items down so the Nth deep value is on top of the stack. Fails if stack depth <= N. |
| `frame_dig i` | Nth (signed) value from the frame pointer. |
| `frame_bury i` | replace the Nth (signed) value from the frame pointer in the stack with A |
| `swap` | swaps A and B on stack |
| `select` | selects one of two values based on top-of-stack: B if C != 0, else A |
| `assert` | immediately fail unless A is a non-zero number |
| `callsub target` | branch unconditionally to TARGET, saving the next instruction on the call stack |
| `proto a r` | Prepare top call frame for a retsub that will assume A args and R return values. |
| `retsub` | pop the top instruction from the call stack and branch to it |
| `switch target ...` | branch to the Ath label. Continue at following instruction if index A exceeds the number of labels. |
| `match target ...` | given match cases from A[1] to A[N], branch to the Ith label where A[I] = B. Continue to the following instruction if no matches are found.