# AVM Opcodes

NameAvailabilityAllv1v2v3v4v5v6v7v8v10v11v12GroupAllArithmeticBox AccessByte Array ArithmeticByte Array LogicByte Array ManipulationCryptographyFlow ControlInner TransactionsLoading ValuesState AccessReset

### -

- **Bytecode:**`0x09`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A minus B. Fail if B > A.
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### !

- **Bytecode:**`0x14`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A == 0 yields 1; else 0
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### !=

[Section titled “!=”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-1)

- **Bytecode:**`0x13`
- **Stack Input:**`any,any`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A is not equal to B => {0 or 1}
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### \*

[Section titled “\*”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-2)

- **Bytecode:**`0x0b`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A times B. Fail on overflow.
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

Notes
Overflow is an error condition which halts execution and fails the transaction. Full precision is available from `mulw`.

### /

[Section titled “/”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-3)

- **Bytecode:**`0x0a`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A divided by B (truncated division). Fail if B == 0.
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

Notes`divmodw` is available to divide the two-element values produced by `mulw` and `addw`.

### &

[Section titled “&”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-4)

- **Bytecode:**`0x1a`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A bitwise-and B
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### &&

[Section titled “&&”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-5)

- **Bytecode:**`0x10`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A is not zero and B is not zero => {0 or 1}
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### %

[Section titled “%”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-6)

- **Bytecode:**`0x18`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A modulo B. Fail if B == 0.
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### ^

[Section titled “^”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-7)

- **Bytecode:**`0x1b`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A bitwise-xor B
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### +

[Section titled “+”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-8)

- **Bytecode:**`0x08`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A plus B. Fail on overflow.
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

Notes
Overflow is an error condition which halts execution and fails the transaction. Full precision is available from `addw`.

### <

[Section titled “<”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-9)

- **Bytecode:**`0x0c`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A less than B => {0 or 1}
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### <=

[Section titled “<=”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-10)

- **Bytecode:**`0x0e`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A less than or equal to B => {0 or 1}
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### ==

[Section titled “==”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-11)

- **Bytecode:**`0x12`
- **Stack Input:**`any,any`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A is equal to B => {0 or 1}
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### >

[Section titled “>”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-12)

- **Bytecode:**`0x0d`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A greater than B => {0 or 1}
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### >=

[Section titled “>=”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-13)

- **Bytecode:**`0x0f`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A greater than or equal to B => {0 or 1}
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### \|

[Section titled “\|”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-14)

- **Bytecode:**`0x19`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A bitwise-or B
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### \|\|

[Section titled “\|\|”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-15)

- **Bytecode:**`0x11`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A is not zero or B is not zero => {0 or 1}
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### ~

[Section titled “~”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#-16)

- **Bytecode:**`0x1c`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** bitwise invert value A
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### acct\_params\_get

[Section titled “acct\_params\_get”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#acct_params_get)

- **Bytecode:**`0x73`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`any,bool`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v6
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** X is field F from account A. Y is 1 if A owns positive algos, else 0
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | AcctBalance | uint64 |
| 1 | AcctMinBalance | uint64 |
| 2 | AcctAuthAddr | address |
| 3 | AcctTotalNumUint | uint64 |
| 4 | AcctTotalNumByteSlice | uint64 |
| 5 | AcctTotalExtraAppPages | uint64 |
| 6 | AcctTotalAppsCreated | uint64 |
| 7 | AcctTotalAppsOptedIn | uint64 |
| 8 | AcctTotalAssetsCreated | uint64 |
| 9 | AcctTotalAssets | uint64 |
| 10 | AcctTotalBoxes | uint64 |
| 11 | AcctTotalBoxBytes | uint64 |
| 12 | AcctIncentiveEligible | bool |
| 13 | AcctLastProposed | uint64 |
| 14 | AcctLastHeartbeat | uint64 |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | account params field index |

### addw

[Section titled “addw”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#addw)

- **Bytecode:**`0x1e`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A plus B as a 128-bit result. X is the carry-bit, Y is the low-order 64 bits.
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### app\_global\_del

[Section titled “app\_global\_del”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#app_global_del)

- **Bytecode:**`0x69`
- **Stack Input:**`stateKey`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** delete key A from the global state of the current application
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes
params: state key.

Deleting a key which is already absent has no effect on the application global state. (In particular, it does _not_ cause the program to fail.)

### app\_global\_get

[Section titled “app\_global\_get”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#app_global_get)

- **Bytecode:**`0x64`
- **Stack Input:**`stateKey`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** global state of the key A in the current application
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes
params: state key. Return: value. The value is zero (of type uint64) if the key does not exist.

### app\_global\_get\_ex

[Section titled “app\_global\_get\_ex”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#app_global_get_ex)

- **Bytecode:**`0x65`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,stateKey`
- **Stack Output:**`any,bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** X is the global state of application A, key B. Y is 1 if key existed, else 0
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes
params: Txn.ForeignApps offset (or, since v4, an _available_ application id), state key. Return: did\_exist flag (top of the stack, 1 if the application and key existed and 0 otherwise), value. The value is zero (of type uint64) if the key does not exist.

### app\_global\_put

[Section titled “app\_global\_put”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#app_global_put)

- **Bytecode:**`0x67`
- **Stack Input:**`stateKey,any`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** write B to key A in the global state of the current application
- **Groups:**`State Access`

### app\_local\_del

[Section titled “app\_local\_del”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#app_local_del)

- **Bytecode:**`0x68`
- **Stack Input:**`any,stateKey`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** delete key B from account A’s local state of the current application
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes
params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an _available_ account address), state key.

Deleting a key which is already absent has no effect on the application local state. (In particular, it does _not_ cause the program to fail.)

### app\_local\_get

[Section titled “app\_local\_get”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#app_local_get)

- **Bytecode:**`0x62`
- **Stack Input:**`any,stateKey`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** local state of the key B in the current application in account A
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes
params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an _available_ account address), state key. Return: value. The value is zero (of type uint64) if the key does not exist.

### app\_local\_get\_ex

[Section titled “app\_local\_get\_ex”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#app_local_get_ex)

- **Bytecode:**`0x63`
- **Stack Input:**`any,uint64,stateKey`
- **Stack Output:**`any,bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** X is the local state of application B, key C in account A. Y is 1 if key existed, else 0
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes
params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an _available_ account address), _available_ application id (or, since v4, a Txn.ForeignApps offset), state key. Return: did\_exist flag (top of the stack, 1 if the application and key existed and 0 otherwise), value. The value is zero (of type uint64) if the key does not exist.

### app\_local\_put

[Section titled “app\_local\_put”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#app_local_put)

- **Bytecode:**`0x66`
- **Stack Input:**`any,stateKey,any`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** write C to key B in account A’s local state of the current application
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes
params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an _available_ account address), state key, value.

### app\_opted\_in

[Section titled “app\_opted\_in”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#app_opted_in)

- **Bytecode:**`0x61`
- **Stack Input:**`any,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** 1 if account A is opted in to application B, else 0
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes
params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an _available_ account address), _available_ application id (or, since v4, a Txn.ForeignApps offset). Return: 1 if opted in and 0 otherwise.

### app\_params\_get

[Section titled “app\_params\_get”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#app_params_get)

- **Bytecode:**`0x72`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any,bool`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** X is field F from app A. Y is 1 if A exists, else 0
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes
params: Txn.ForeignApps offset or an _available_ app id. Return: did\_exist flag (1 if the application existed and 0 otherwise), value.

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | AppApprovalProgram | \[\]byte |
| 1 | AppClearStateProgram | \[\]byte |
| 2 | AppGlobalNumUint | uint64 |
| 3 | AppGlobalNumByteSlice | uint64 |
| 4 | AppLocalNumUint | uint64 |
| 5 | AppLocalNumByteSlice | uint64 |
| 6 | AppExtraProgramPages | uint64 |
| 7 | AppCreator | address |
| 8 | AppAddress | address |
| 9 | AppVersion | uint64 |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | app params field index |

### arg

[Section titled “arg”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#arg)

- **Bytecode:**`0x2c`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Nth LogicSig argument
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| N | uint8 | an arg index |

### arg\_0

[Section titled “arg\_0”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#arg_0)

- **Bytecode:**`0x2d`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** LogicSig argument 0
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### arg\_1

[Section titled “arg\_1”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#arg_1)

- **Bytecode:**`0x2e`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** LogicSig argument 1
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### arg\_2

[Section titled “arg\_2”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#arg_2)

- **Bytecode:**`0x2f`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** LogicSig argument 2
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### arg\_3

[Section titled “arg\_3”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#arg_3)

- **Bytecode:**`0x30`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** LogicSig argument 3
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### args

[Section titled “args”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#args)

- **Bytecode:**`0xc3`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ath LogicSig argument
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### assert

[Section titled “assert”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#assert)

- **Bytecode:**`0x44`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** immediately fail unless A is a non-zero number
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

### asset\_holding\_get

[Section titled “asset\_holding\_get”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#asset_holding_get)

- **Bytecode:**`0x70`
- **Stack Input:**`any,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any,bool`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** X is field F from account A’s holding of asset B. Y is 1 if A is opted into B, else 0
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes
params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an _available_ address), asset id (or, since v4, a Txn.ForeignAssets offset). Return: did\_exist flag (1 if the asset existed and 0 otherwise), value.

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | AssetBalance | uint64 |
| 1 | AssetFrozen | bool |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | asset holding field index |

### asset\_params\_get

[Section titled “asset\_params\_get”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#asset_params_get)

- **Bytecode:**`0x71`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any,bool`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** X is field F from asset A. Y is 1 if A exists, else 0
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes
params: Txn.ForeignAssets offset (or, since v4, an _available_ asset id. Return: did\_exist flag (1 if the asset existed and 0 otherwise), value.

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | AssetTotal | uint64 |
| 1 | AssetDecimals | uint64 |
| 2 | AssetDefaultFrozen | bool |
| 3 | AssetUnitName | \[\]byte |
| 4 | AssetName | \[\]byte |
| 5 | AssetURL | \[\]byte |
| 6 | AssetMetadataHash | \[32\]byte |
| 7 | AssetManager | address |
| 8 | AssetReserve | address |
| 9 | AssetFreeze | address |
| 10 | AssetClawback | address |
| 11 | AssetCreator | address |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | asset params field index |

### b

[Section titled “b”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b)

- **Bytecode:**`0x42`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** branch unconditionally to TARGET
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Notes
See `bnz` for details on how branches work. `b` always jumps to the offset.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TARGET | int16 (big-endian) | branch offset |

### b-

[Section titled “b-”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b)

- **Bytecode:**`0xa1`
- **Stack Input:**`bigint,bigint`
- **Stack Output:**`bigint`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 10
- **Description:** A minus B. A and B are interpreted as big-endian unsigned integers. Fail on underflow.
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Arithmetic`

### b!=

[Section titled “b!=”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-1)

- **Bytecode:**`0xa9`
- **Stack Input:**`bigint,bigint`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** 0 if A is equal to B, else 1. A and B are interpreted as big-endian unsigned integers
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Arithmetic`

### b\*

[Section titled “b\*”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-2)

- **Bytecode:**`0xa3`
- **Stack Input:**`bigint,bigint`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 20
- **Description:** A times B. A and B are interpreted as big-endian unsigned integers.
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Arithmetic`

### b/

[Section titled “b/”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-3)

- **Bytecode:**`0xa2`
- **Stack Input:**`bigint,bigint`
- **Stack Output:**`bigint`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 20
- **Description:** A divided by B (truncated division). A and B are interpreted as big-endian unsigned integers. Fail if B is zero.
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Arithmetic`

### b&

[Section titled “b&”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-4)

- **Bytecode:**`0xac`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 6
- **Description:** A bitwise-and B. A and B are zero-left extended to the greater of their lengths
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Logic`

### b%

[Section titled “b%”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-5)

- **Bytecode:**`0xaa`
- **Stack Input:**`bigint,bigint`
- **Stack Output:**`bigint`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 20
- **Description:** A modulo B. A and B are interpreted as big-endian unsigned integers. Fail if B is zero.
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Arithmetic`

### b^

[Section titled “b^”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-6)

- **Bytecode:**`0xad`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 6
- **Description:** A bitwise-xor B. A and B are zero-left extended to the greater of their lengths
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Logic`

### b+

[Section titled “b+”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-7)

- **Bytecode:**`0xa0`
- **Stack Input:**`bigint,bigint`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 10
- **Description:** A plus B. A and B are interpreted as big-endian unsigned integers
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Arithmetic`

### b<

[Section titled “b<”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-8)

- **Bytecode:**`0xa4`
- **Stack Input:**`bigint,bigint`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** 1 if A is less than B, else 0. A and B are interpreted as big-endian unsigned integers
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Arithmetic`

### b<=

[Section titled “b<=”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-9)

- **Bytecode:**`0xa6`
- **Stack Input:**`bigint,bigint`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** 1 if A is less than or equal to B, else 0. A and B are interpreted as big-endian unsigned integers
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Arithmetic`

### b==

[Section titled “b==”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-10)

- **Bytecode:**`0xa8`
- **Stack Input:**`bigint,bigint`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** 1 if A is equal to B, else 0. A and B are interpreted as big-endian unsigned integers
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Arithmetic`

### b>

[Section titled “b>”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-11)

- **Bytecode:**`0xa5`
- **Stack Input:**`bigint,bigint`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** 1 if A is greater than B, else 0. A and B are interpreted as big-endian unsigned integers
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Arithmetic`

### b>=

[Section titled “b>=”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-12)

- **Bytecode:**`0xa7`
- **Stack Input:**`bigint,bigint`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** 1 if A is greater than or equal to B, else 0. A and B are interpreted as big-endian unsigned integers
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Arithmetic`

### b\|

[Section titled “b\|”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-13)

- **Bytecode:**`0xab`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 6
- **Description:** A bitwise-or B. A and B are zero-left extended to the greater of their lengths
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Logic`

### b~

[Section titled “b~”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#b-14)

- **Bytecode:**`0xae`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 4
- **Description:** A with all bits inverted
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Logic`

### balance

[Section titled “balance”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#balance)

- **Bytecode:**`0x60`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** balance for account A, in microalgos. The balance is observed after the effects of previous transactions in the group, and after the fee for the current transaction is deducted. Changes caused by inner transactions are observable immediately following `itxn_submit`
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes
params: Txn.Accounts offset (or, since v4, an _available_ account address), _available_ application id (or, since v4, a Txn.ForeignApps offset). Return: value.

### base64\_decode

[Section titled “base64\_decode”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#base64_decode)

- **Bytecode:**`0x5e`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v7
- **Cost:** 1 + 1 per 16 bytes of A
- **Description:** decode A which was base64-encoded using _encoding_ E. Fail if A is not base64 encoded with encoding E
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

Notes _Warning_: Usage should be restricted to very rare use cases. In almost all cases, smart contracts should directly handle non-encoded byte-strings. This opcode should only be used in cases where base64 is the only available option, e.g. interoperability with a third-party that only signs base64 strings.

Decodes A using the base64 encoding E. Specify the encoding with an immediate arg either as URL and Filename Safe (`URLEncoding`) or Standard (`StdEncoding`). See [RFC 4648 sections 4 and 5](https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4648.html#section-4). It is assumed that the encoding ends with the exact number of `=` padding characters as required by the RFC. When padding occurs, any unused pad bits in the encoding must be set to zero or the decoding will fail. The special cases of `\n` and `\r` are allowed but completely ignored. An error will result when attempting to decode a string with a character that is not in the encoding alphabet or not one of `=`, `\r`, or `\n`.

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | URLEncoding | any |
| 1 | StdEncoding | any |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| E | uint8 | encoding index |

### bitlen

[Section titled “bitlen”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#bitlen)

- **Bytecode:**`0x93`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** The highest set bit in A. If A is a byte-array, it is interpreted as a big-endian unsigned integer. bitlen of 0 is 0, bitlen of 8 is 4
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

Notes
bitlen interprets arrays as big-endian integers, unlike setbit/getbit

### block

[Section titled “block”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#block)

- **Bytecode:**`0xd1`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v7
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** field F of block A. Fail unless A falls between txn.LastValid-1002 and txn.FirstValid (exclusive)
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | BlkSeed | \[32\]byte |
| 1 | BlkTimestamp | uint64 |
| 2 | BlkProposer | address |
| 3 | BlkFeesCollected | uint64 |
| 4 | BlkBonus | uint64 |
| 5 | BlkBranch | \[32\]byte |
| 6 | BlkFeeSink | address |
| 7 | BlkProtocol | \[\]byte |
| 8 | BlkTxnCounter | uint64 |
| 9 | BlkProposerPayout | uint64 |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | block field index |

### bnz

[Section titled “bnz”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#bnz)

- **Bytecode:**`0x40`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** branch to TARGET if value A is not zero
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Notes
The `bnz` instruction opcode 0x40 is followed by two immediate data bytes which are a high byte first and low byte second which together form a 16 bit offset which the instruction may branch to. For a bnz instruction at `pc`, if the last element of the stack is not zero then branch to instruction at `pc + 3 + N`, else proceed to next instruction at `pc + 3`. Branch targets must be aligned instructions. (e.g. Branching to the second byte of a 2 byte op will be rejected.) Starting at v4, the offset is treated as a signed 16 bit integer allowing for backward branches and looping. In prior version (v1 to v3), branch offsets are limited to forward branches only, 0-0x7fff.

At v2 it became allowed to branch to the end of the program exactly after the last instruction: bnz to byte N (with 0-indexing) was illegal for a TEAL program with N bytes before v2, and is legal after it. This change eliminates the need for a last instruction of no-op as a branch target at the end. (Branching beyond the end—in other words, to a byte larger than N—is still illegal and will cause the program to fail.)

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TARGET | int16 (big-endian) | branch offset |

### box\_create

[Section titled “box\_create”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#box_create)

- **Bytecode:**`0xb9`
- **Stack Input:**`boxName,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** create a box named A, of length B. Fail if the name A is empty or B exceeds 32,768. Returns 0 if A already existed, else 1
- **Groups:**`Box Access`

Notes
Newly created boxes are filled with 0 bytes. `box_create` will fail if the referenced box already exists with a different size. Otherwise, existing boxes are unchanged by `box_create`.

### box\_del

[Section titled “box\_del”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#box_del)

- **Bytecode:**`0xbc`
- **Stack Input:**`boxName`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** delete box named A if it exists. Return 1 if A existed, 0 otherwise
- **Groups:**`Box Access`

### box\_extract

[Section titled “box\_extract”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#box_extract)

- **Bytecode:**`0xba`
- **Stack Input:**`boxName,uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** read C bytes from box A, starting at offset B. Fail if A does not exist, or the byte range is outside A’s size.
- **Groups:**`Box Access`

### box\_get

[Section titled “box\_get”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#box_get)

- **Bytecode:**`0xbe`
- **Stack Input:**`boxName`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte,bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** X is the contents of box A if A exists, else ”. Y is 1 if A exists, else 0.
- **Groups:**`Box Access`

Notes
For boxes that exceed 4,096 bytes, consider `box_create`, `box_extract`, and `box_replace`

### box\_len

[Section titled “box\_len”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#box_len)

- **Bytecode:**`0xbd`
- **Stack Input:**`boxName`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64,bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** X is the length of box A if A exists, else 0. Y is 1 if A exists, else 0.
- **Groups:**`Box Access`

### box\_put

[Section titled “box\_put”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#box_put)

- **Bytecode:**`0xbf`
- **Stack Input:**`boxName,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** replaces the contents of box A with byte-array B. Fails if A exists and len(B) != len(box A). Creates A if it does not exist
- **Groups:**`Box Access`

Notes
For boxes that exceed 4,096 bytes, consider `box_create`, `box_extract`, and `box_replace`

### box\_replace

[Section titled “box\_replace”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#box_replace)

- **Bytecode:**`0xbb`
- **Stack Input:**`boxName,uint64,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** write byte-array C into box A, starting at offset B. Fail if A does not exist, or the byte range is outside A’s size.
- **Groups:**`Box Access`

### box\_resize

[Section titled “box\_resize”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#box_resize)

- **Bytecode:**`0xd3`
- **Stack Input:**`boxName,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v10
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** change the size of box named A to be of length B, adding zero bytes to end or removing bytes from the end, as needed. Fail if the name A is empty, A is not an existing box, or B exceeds 32,768.
- **Groups:**`Box Access`

### box\_splice

[Section titled “box\_splice”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#box_splice)

- **Bytecode:**`0xd2`
- **Stack Input:**`boxName,uint64,uint64,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v10
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** set box A to contain its previous bytes up to index B, followed by D, followed by the original bytes of A that began at index B+C.
- **Groups:**`Box Access`

Notes
Boxes are of constant length. If C < len(D), then len(D)-C bytes will be removed from the end. If C > len(D), zero bytes will be appended to the end to reach the box length.

### bsqrt

[Section titled “bsqrt”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#bsqrt)

- **Bytecode:**`0x96`
- **Stack Input:**`bigint`
- **Stack Output:**`bigint`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v6
- **Cost:** 40
- **Description:** The largest integer I such that I^2 <= A. A and I are interpreted as big-endian unsigned integers
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Arithmetic`

### btoi

[Section titled “btoi”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#btoi)

- **Bytecode:**`0x17`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** converts big-endian byte array A to uint64. Fails if len(A) > 8. Padded by leading 0s if len(A) < 8.
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

Notes`btoi` fails if the input is longer than 8 bytes.

### bury

[Section titled “bury”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#bury)

- **Bytecode:**`0x45`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** replace the Nth value from the top of the stack with A. bury 0 fails.
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| N | uint8 | depth |

### bytec

[Section titled “bytec”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#bytec)

- **Bytecode:**`0x27`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ith constant from bytecblock
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I | uint8 | an index in the bytecblock |

### bytec\_0

[Section titled “bytec\_0”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#bytec_0)

- **Bytecode:**`0x28`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** constant 0 from bytecblock
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### bytec\_1

[Section titled “bytec\_1”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#bytec_1)

- **Bytecode:**`0x29`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** constant 1 from bytecblock
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### bytec\_2

[Section titled “bytec\_2”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#bytec_2)

- **Bytecode:**`0x2a`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** constant 2 from bytecblock
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### bytec\_3

[Section titled “bytec\_3”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#bytec_3)

- **Bytecode:**`0x2b`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** constant 3 from bytecblock
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### bytecblock

[Section titled “bytecblock”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#bytecblock)

- **Bytecode:**`0x26`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 0
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** prepare block of byte-array constants for use by bytec
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Notes`bytecblock` loads the following program bytes into an array of byte-array constants in the evaluator. These constants can be referred to by `bytec` and `bytec_*` which will push the value onto the stack. Subsequent calls to `bytecblock` reset and replace the bytes constants available to the script.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| BYTES … | varuint count, \[varuint length, bytes …\] | a block of byte constant values |

### bz

[Section titled “bz”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#bz)

- **Bytecode:**`0x41`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** branch to TARGET if value A is zero
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Notes
See `bnz` for details on how branches work. `bz` inverts the behavior of `bnz`.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TARGET | int16 (big-endian) | branch offset |

### bzero

[Section titled “bzero”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#bzero)

- **Bytecode:**`0xaf`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** zero filled byte-array of length A
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### callsub

[Section titled “callsub”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#callsub)

- **Bytecode:**`0x88`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** branch unconditionally to TARGET, saving the next instruction on the call stack
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Notes
The call stack is separate from the data stack. Only `callsub`, `retsub`, and `proto` manipulate it.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TARGET | int16 (big-endian) | branch offset |

### concat

[Section titled “concat”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#concat)

- **Bytecode:**`0x50`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** join A and B
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

Notes`concat` fails if the result would be greater than 4096 bytes.

### cover

[Section titled “cover”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#cover)

- **Bytecode:**`0x4e`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** remove top of stack, and place it deeper in the stack such that N elements are above it. Fails if stack depth <= N.
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| N | uint8 | depth |

### dig

[Section titled “dig”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#dig)

- **Bytecode:**`0x4b`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`any,any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Nth value from the top of the stack. dig 0 is equivalent to dup
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| N | uint8 | depth |

### divmodw

[Section titled “divmodw”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#divmodw)

- **Bytecode:**`0x1f`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64,uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64,uint64,uint64,uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 20
- **Description:** W,X = (A,B / C,D); Y,Z = (A,B modulo C,D)
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

Notes
The notation J,K indicates that two uint64 values J and K are interpreted as a uint128 value, with J as the high uint64 and K the low.

### divw

[Section titled “divw”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#divw)

- **Bytecode:**`0x97`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v6
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A,B / C. Fail if C == 0 or if result overflows.
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

Notes
The notation A,B indicates that A and B are interpreted as a uint128 value, with A as the high uint64 and B the low.

### dup

[Section titled “dup”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#dup)

- **Bytecode:**`0x49`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`any,any`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** duplicate A
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

### dup2

[Section titled “dup2”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#dup2)

- **Bytecode:**`0x4a`
- **Stack Input:**`any,any`
- **Stack Output:**`any,any,any,any`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** duplicate A and B
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

### dupn

[Section titled “dupn”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#dupn)

- **Bytecode:**`0x47`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** duplicate A, N times
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| N | uint8 | copy count |

### ec\_add

[Section titled “ec\_add”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#ec_add)

- **Bytecode:**`0xe0`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v10
- **Cost:** BN254g1=125; BN254g2=170; BLS12\_381g1=205; BLS12\_381g2=290
- **Description:** for curve points A and B, return the curve point A + B
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

Notes
A and B are curve points in affine representation: field element X concatenated with field element Y. Field element `Z` is encoded as follows.

For the base field elements (Fp), `Z` is encoded as a big-endian number and must be lower than the field modulus.

For the quadratic field extension (Fp2), `Z` is encoded as the concatenation of the individual encoding of the coefficients. For an Fp2 element of the form `Z = Z0 + Z1 i`, where `i` is a formal quadratic non-residue, the encoding of Z is the concatenation of the encoding of `Z0` and `Z1` in this order. (`Z0` and `Z1` must be less than the field modulus).

The point at infinity is encoded as `(X,Y) = (0,0)`.

Groups G1 and G2 are denoted additively.

Fails if A or B is not in G.

A and/or B are allowed to be the point at infinity.

Does _not_ check if A and B are in the main prime-order subgroup.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| G | uint8 | curve index |

### ec\_map\_to

[Section titled “ec\_map\_to”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#ec_map_to)

- **Bytecode:**`0xe5`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v10
- **Cost:** BN254g1=630; BN254g2=3300; BLS12\_381g1=1950; BLS12\_381g2=8150
- **Description:** maps field element A to group G
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

Notes
BN254 points are mapped by the SVDW map. BLS12-381 points are mapped by the SSWU map.

G1 element inputs are base field elements and G2 element inputs are quadratic field elements, with nearly the same encoding rules (for field elements) as defined in `ec_add`. There is one difference of encoding rule: G1 element inputs do not need to be 0-padded if they fit in less than 32 bytes for BN254 and less than 48 bytes for BLS12-381. (As usual, the empty byte array represents 0.) G2 elements inputs need to be always have the required size.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| G | uint8 | curve index |

### ec\_multi\_scalar\_mul

[Section titled “ec\_multi\_scalar\_mul”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#ec_multi_scalar_mul)

- **Bytecode:**`0xe3`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v10
- **Cost:** BN254g1=3600 + 90 per 32 bytes of B; BN254g2=7200 + 270 per 32 bytes of B; BLS12\_381g1=6500 + 95 per 32 bytes of B; BLS12\_381g2=14850 + 485 per 32 bytes of B
- **Description:** for curve points A and scalars B, return curve point B0A0 + B1A1 + B2A2 + … + BnAn
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

Notes
A is a list of concatenated points, encoded and checked as described in `ec_add`. B is a list of concatenated scalars which, unlike ec\_scalar\_mul, must all be exactly 32 bytes long.

The name `ec_multi_scalar_mul` was chosen to reflect common usage, but a more consistent name would be `ec_multi_scalar_mul`. AVM values are limited to 4096 bytes, so `ec_multi_scalar_mul` is limited by the size of the points in the group being operated upon.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| G | uint8 | curve index |

### ec\_pairing\_check

[Section titled “ec\_pairing\_check”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#ec_pairing_check)

- **Bytecode:**`0xe2`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v10
- **Cost:** BN254g1=8000 + 7400 per 64 bytes of B; BN254g2=8000 + 7400 per 128 bytes of B; BLS12\_381g1=13000 + 10000 per 96 bytes of B; BLS12\_381g2=13000 + 10000 per 192 bytes of B
- **Description:** 1 if the product of the pairing of each point in A with its respective point in B is equal to the identity element of the target group Gt, else 0
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

Notes
A and B are concatenated points, encoded and checked as described in `ec_add`. A contains points of the group G, B contains points of the associated group (G2 if G is G1, and vice versa). Fails if A and B have a different number of points, or if any point is not in its described group or outside the main prime-order subgroup - a stronger condition than other opcodes. AVM values are limited to 4096 bytes, so `ec_pairing_check` is limited by the size of the points in the groups being operated upon.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| G | uint8 | curve index |

### ec\_scalar\_mul

[Section titled “ec\_scalar\_mul”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#ec_scalar_mul)

- **Bytecode:**`0xe1`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v10
- **Cost:** BN254g1=1810; BN254g2=3430; BLS12\_381g1=2950; BLS12\_381g2=6530
- **Description:** for curve point A and scalar B, return the curve point BA, the point A multiplied by the scalar B.
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

Notes
A is a curve point encoded and checked as described in `ec_add`. Scalar B is interpreted as a big-endian unsigned integer. Fails if B exceeds 32 bytes.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| G | uint8 | curve index |

### ec\_subgroup\_check

[Section titled “ec\_subgroup\_check”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#ec_subgroup_check)

- **Bytecode:**`0xe4`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v10
- **Cost:** BN254g1=20; BN254g2=3100; BLS12\_381g1=1850; BLS12\_381g2=2340
- **Description:** 1 if A is in the main prime-order subgroup of G (including the point at infinity) else 0. Program fails if A is not in G at all.
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| G | uint8 | curve index |

### ecdsa\_pk\_decompress

[Section titled “ecdsa\_pk\_decompress”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#ecdsa_pk_decompress)

- **Bytecode:**`0x06`
- **Stack Input:**`[33]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[32]byte,[32]byte`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** Secp256k1=650; Secp256r1=2400
- **Description:** decompress pubkey A into components X, Y
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

Notes
The 33 byte public key in a compressed form to be decompressed into X and Y (top) components. All values are big-endian encoded.

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | Secp256k1 | - |
| 1 | Secp256r1 | - |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| V | uint8 | curve index |

### ecdsa\_pk\_recover

[Section titled “ecdsa\_pk\_recover”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#ecdsa_pk_recover)

- **Bytecode:**`0x07`
- **Stack Input:**`[32]byte,uint64,[32]byte,[32]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[32]byte,[32]byte`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 2000
- **Description:** for (data A, recovery id B, signature C, D) recover a public key
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

Notes
S (top) and R elements of a signature, recovery id and data (bottom) are expected on the stack and used to deriver a public key. All values are big-endian encoded. The signed data must be 32 bytes long.

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | Secp256k1 | - |
| 1 | Secp256r1 | - |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| V | uint8 | curve index |

### ecdsa\_verify

[Section titled “ecdsa\_verify”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#ecdsa_verify)

- **Bytecode:**`0x05`
- **Stack Input:**`[32]byte,[32]byte,[32]byte,[32]byte,[32]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** Secp256k1=1700; Secp256r1=2500
- **Description:** for (data A, signature B, C and pubkey D, E) verify the signature of the data against the pubkey => {0 or 1}
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

Notes
The 32 byte Y-component of a public key is the last element on the stack, preceded by X-component of a pubkey, preceded by S and R components of a signature, preceded by the data that is fifth element on the stack. All values are big-endian encoded. The signed data must be 32 bytes long, and signatures in lower-S form are only accepted.

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | Secp256k1 | - |
| 1 | Secp256r1 | - |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| V | uint8 | curve index |

### ed25519verify

[Section titled “ed25519verify”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#ed25519verify)

- **Bytecode:**`0x04`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[64]byte,[32]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1900
- **Description:** for (data A, signature B, pubkey C) verify the signature of (“ProgData” \|\| program\_hash \|\| data) against the pubkey => {0 or 1}
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

Notes
The 32 byte public key is the last element on the stack, preceded by the 64 byte signature at the second-to-last element on the stack, preceded by the data which was signed at the third-to-last element on the stack.

### ed25519verify\_bare

[Section titled “ed25519verify\_bare”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#ed25519verify_bare)

- **Bytecode:**`0x84`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[64]byte,[32]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v7
- **Cost:** 1900
- **Description:** for (data A, signature B, pubkey C) verify the signature of the data against the pubkey => {0 or 1}
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

### err

[Section titled “err”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#err)

- **Bytecode:**`0x00`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Fail immediately.
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

### exp

[Section titled “exp”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#exp)

- **Bytecode:**`0x94`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A raised to the Bth power. Fail if A == B == 0 and on overflow
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### expw

[Section titled “expw”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#expw)

- **Bytecode:**`0x95`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 10
- **Description:** A raised to the Bth power as a 128-bit result in two uint64s. X is the high 64 bits, Y is the low. Fail if A == B == 0 or if the results exceeds 2^128-1
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### extract

[Section titled “extract”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#extract)

- **Bytecode:**`0x57`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A range of bytes from A starting at S up to but not including S+L. If L is 0, then extract to the end of the string. If S or S+L is larger than the array length, the program fails
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| S | uint8 | start position |
| L | uint8 | length |

### extract\_uint16

[Section titled “extract\_uint16”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#extract_uint16)

- **Bytecode:**`0x59`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A uint16 formed from a range of big-endian bytes from A starting at B up to but not including B+2. If B+2 is larger than the array length, the program fails
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

### extract\_uint32

[Section titled “extract\_uint32”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#extract_uint32)

- **Bytecode:**`0x5a`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A uint32 formed from a range of big-endian bytes from A starting at B up to but not including B+4. If B+4 is larger than the array length, the program fails
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

### extract\_uint64

[Section titled “extract\_uint64”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#extract_uint64)

- **Bytecode:**`0x5b`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A uint64 formed from a range of big-endian bytes from A starting at B up to but not including B+8. If B+8 is larger than the array length, the program fails
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

### extract3

[Section titled “extract3”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#extract3)

- **Bytecode:**`0x58`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A range of bytes from A starting at B up to but not including B+C. If B+C is larger than the array length, the program fails

`extract3` can be called using `extract` with no immediates.
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

### falcon\_verify

[Section titled “falcon\_verify”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#falcon_verify)

- **Bytecode:**`0x85`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[1232]byte,[1793]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`bool`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v12
- **Cost:** 1700
- **Description:** for (data A, compressed-format signature B, pubkey C) verify the signature of data against the pubkey => {0 or 1}
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

### frame\_bury

[Section titled “frame\_bury”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#frame_bury)

- **Bytecode:**`0x8c`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** replace the Nth (signed) value from the frame pointer in the stack with A
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I | int8 | frame slot |

### frame\_dig

[Section titled “frame\_dig”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#frame_dig)

- **Bytecode:**`0x8b`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Nth (signed) value from the frame pointer.
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I | int8 | frame slot |

### gaid

[Section titled “gaid”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gaid)

- **Bytecode:**`0x3c`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** ID of the asset or application created in the Tth transaction of the current group
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Notes`gaid` fails unless the requested transaction created an asset or application and T < GroupIndex.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| T | uint8 | transaction group index |

### gaids

[Section titled “gaids”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gaids)

- **Bytecode:**`0x3d`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** ID of the asset or application created in the Ath transaction of the current group
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Notes`gaids` fails unless the requested transaction created an asset or application and A < GroupIndex.

### getbit

[Section titled “getbit”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#getbit)

- **Bytecode:**`0x53`
- **Stack Input:**`any,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Bth bit of (byte-array or integer) A. If B is greater than or equal to the bit length of the value (8\*byte length), the program fails
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

Notes
see explanation of bit ordering in setbit

### getbyte

[Section titled “getbyte”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#getbyte)

- **Bytecode:**`0x55`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Bth byte of A, as an integer. If B is greater than or equal to the array length, the program fails
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

### gitxn

[Section titled “gitxn”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gitxn)

- **Bytecode:**`0xb7`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v6
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** field F of the Tth transaction in the last inner group submitted
- **Groups:**`Inner Transactions`

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | Sender | address |
| 1 | Fee | uint64 |
| 2 | FirstValid | uint64 |
| 3 | FirstValidTime | uint64 |
| 4 | LastValid | uint64 |
| 5 | Note | \[\]byte |
| 6 | Lease | \[32\]byte |
| 7 | Receiver | address |
| 8 | Amount | uint64 |
| 9 | CloseRemainderTo | address |
| 10 | VotePK | \[32\]byte |
| 11 | SelectionPK | \[32\]byte |
| 12 | VoteFirst | uint64 |
| 13 | VoteLast | uint64 |
| 14 | VoteKeyDilution | uint64 |
| 15 | Type | \[\]byte |
| 16 | TypeEnum | uint64 |
| 17 | XferAsset | uint64 |
| 18 | AssetAmount | uint64 |
| 19 | AssetSender | address |
| 20 | AssetReceiver | address |
| 21 | AssetCloseTo | address |
| 22 | GroupIndex | uint64 |
| 23 | TxID | \[32\]byte |
| 24 | ApplicationID | uint64 |
| 25 | OnCompletion | uint64 |
| 26 | ApplicationArgs | \[\]byte |
| 27 | NumAppArgs | uint64 |
| 28 | Accounts | address |
| 29 | NumAccounts | uint64 |
| 30 | ApprovalProgram | \[\]byte |
| 31 | ClearStateProgram | \[\]byte |
| 32 | RekeyTo | address |
| 33 | ConfigAsset | uint64 |
| 34 | ConfigAssetTotal | uint64 |
| 35 | ConfigAssetDecimals | uint64 |
| 36 | ConfigAssetDefaultFrozen | bool |
| 37 | ConfigAssetUnitName | \[\]byte |
| 38 | ConfigAssetName | \[\]byte |
| 39 | ConfigAssetURL | \[\]byte |
| 40 | ConfigAssetMetadataHash | \[32\]byte |
| 41 | ConfigAssetManager | address |
| 42 | ConfigAssetReserve | address |
| 43 | ConfigAssetFreeze | address |
| 44 | ConfigAssetClawback | address |
| 45 | FreezeAsset | uint64 |
| 46 | FreezeAssetAccount | address |
| 47 | FreezeAssetFrozen | bool |
| 48 | Assets | uint64 |
| 49 | NumAssets | uint64 |
| 50 | Applications | uint64 |
| 51 | NumApplications | uint64 |
| 52 | GlobalNumUint | uint64 |
| 53 | GlobalNumByteSlice | uint64 |
| 54 | LocalNumUint | uint64 |
| 55 | LocalNumByteSlice | uint64 |
| 56 | ExtraProgramPages | uint64 |
| 57 | Nonparticipation | bool |
| 58 | Logs | \[\]byte |
| 59 | NumLogs | uint64 |
| 60 | CreatedAssetID | uint64 |
| 61 | CreatedApplicationID | uint64 |
| 62 | LastLog | \[\]byte |
| 63 | StateProofPK | \[64\]byte |
| 64 | ApprovalProgramPages | \[\]byte |
| 65 | NumApprovalProgramPages | uint64 |
| 66 | ClearStateProgramPages | \[\]byte |
| 67 | NumClearStateProgramPages | uint64 |
| 68 | RejectVersion | uint64 |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| T | uint8 | transaction group index |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |

### gitxna

[Section titled “gitxna”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gitxna)

- **Bytecode:**`0xb8`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 4
- **Availability:** v6
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ith value of the array field F from the Tth transaction in the last inner group submitted
- **Groups:**`Inner Transactions`

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | ApplicationArgs | \[\]byte |
| 1 | Accounts | address |
| 2 | Assets | uint64 |
| 3 | Applications | uint64 |
| 4 | Logs | \[\]byte |
| 5 | ApprovalProgramPages | \[\]byte |
| 6 | ClearStateProgramPages | \[\]byte |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| T | uint8 | transaction group index |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |
| I | uint8 | transaction field array index |

### gitxnas

[Section titled “gitxnas”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gitxnas)

- **Bytecode:**`0xc6`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v6
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ath value of the array field F from the Tth transaction in the last inner group submitted
- **Groups:**`Inner Transactions`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| T | uint8 | transaction group index |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |

### gload

[Section titled “gload”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gload)

- **Bytecode:**`0x3a`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ith scratch space value of the Tth transaction in the current group
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Notes`gload` fails unless the requested transaction is an ApplicationCall and T < GroupIndex.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| T | uint8 | transaction group index |
| I | uint8 | position in scratch space to load from |

### gloads

[Section titled “gloads”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gloads)

- **Bytecode:**`0x3b`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ith scratch space value of the Ath transaction in the current group
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Notes`gloads` fails unless the requested transaction is an ApplicationCall and A < GroupIndex.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I | uint8 | position in scratch space to load from |

### gloadss

[Section titled “gloadss”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gloadss)

- **Bytecode:**`0xc4`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v6
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Bth scratch space value of the Ath transaction in the current group
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### global

[Section titled “global”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#global)

- **Bytecode:**`0x32`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** global field F
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | MinTxnFee | uint64 |
| 1 | MinBalance | uint64 |
| 2 | MaxTxnLife | uint64 |
| 3 | ZeroAddress | address |
| 4 | GroupSize | uint64 |
| 5 | LogicSigVersion | uint64 |
| 6 | Round | uint64 |
| 7 | LatestTimestamp | uint64 |
| 8 | CurrentApplicationID | uint64 |
| 9 | CreatorAddress | address |
| 10 | CurrentApplicationAddress | address |
| 11 | GroupID | \[32\]byte |
| 12 | OpcodeBudget | uint64 |
| 13 | CallerApplicationID | uint64 |
| 14 | CallerApplicationAddress | address |
| 15 | AssetCreateMinBalance | uint64 |
| 16 | AssetOptInMinBalance | uint64 |
| 17 | GenesisHash | \[32\]byte |
| 18 | PayoutsEnabled | bool |
| 19 | PayoutsGoOnlineFee | uint64 |
| 20 | PayoutsPercent | uint64 |
| 21 | PayoutsMinBalance | uint64 |
| 22 | PayoutsMaxBalance | uint64 |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | a global field index |

### gtxn

[Section titled “gtxn”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gtxn)

- **Bytecode:**`0x33`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** field F of the Tth transaction in the current group
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Notes
for notes on transaction fields available, see `txn`. If this transaction is _i_ in the group, `gtxn i field` is equivalent to `txn field`.

Field Reference

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| T | uint8 | transaction group index |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |

### gtxna

[Section titled “gtxna”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gtxna)

- **Bytecode:**`0x37`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 4
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ith value of the array field F from the Tth transaction in the current group

`gtxna` can be called using `gtxn` with 3 immediates.
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Field Reference

Immediate Parameters

### gtxnas

[Section titled “gtxnas”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gtxnas)

- **Bytecode:**`0xc1`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ath value of the array field F from the Tth transaction in the current group
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Field Reference

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| T | uint8 | transaction group index |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |

### gtxns

[Section titled “gtxns”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gtxns)

- **Bytecode:**`0x38`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** field F of the Ath transaction in the current group
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Notes
for notes on transaction fields available, see `txn`. If top of stack is _i_, `gtxns field` is equivalent to `gtxn _i_ field`. gtxns exists so that _i_ can be calculated, often based on the index of the current transaction.

Field Reference

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |

### gtxnsa

[Section titled “gtxnsa”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gtxnsa)

- **Bytecode:**`0x39`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ith value of the array field F from the Ath transaction in the current group

`gtxnsa` can be called using `gtxns` with 2 immediates.
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Field Reference

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |
| I | uint8 | transaction field array index |

### gtxnsas

[Section titled “gtxnsas”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#gtxnsas)

- **Bytecode:**`0xc2`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Bth value of the array field F from the Ath transaction in the current group
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Field Reference

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |

### intc

[Section titled “intc”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#intc)

- **Bytecode:**`0x21`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ith constant from intcblock
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I | uint8 | an index in the intcblock |

### intc\_0

[Section titled “intc\_0”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#intc_0)

- **Bytecode:**`0x22`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** constant 0 from intcblock
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### intc\_1

[Section titled “intc\_1”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#intc_1)

- **Bytecode:**`0x23`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** constant 1 from intcblock
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### intc\_2

[Section titled “intc\_2”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#intc_2)

- **Bytecode:**`0x24`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** constant 2 from intcblock
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### intc\_3

[Section titled “intc\_3”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#intc_3)

- **Bytecode:**`0x25`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** constant 3 from intcblock
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### intcblock

[Section titled “intcblock”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#intcblock)

- **Bytecode:**`0x20`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 0
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** prepare block of uint64 constants for use by intc
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Notes`intcblock` loads following program bytes into an array of integer constants in the evaluator. These integer constants can be referred to by `intc` and `intc_*` which will push the value onto the stack. Subsequent calls to `intcblock` reset and replace the integer constants available to the script.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| UINT … | varuint count, \[varuint …\] | a block of int constant values |

### itob

[Section titled “itob”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#itob)

- **Bytecode:**`0x16`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`[8]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** converts uint64 A to big-endian byte array, always of length 8
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### itxn

[Section titled “itxn”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#itxn)

- **Bytecode:**`0xb4`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** field F of the last inner transaction
- **Groups:**`Inner Transactions`

Field Reference

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |

### itxn\_begin

[Section titled “itxn\_begin”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#itxn_begin)

- **Bytecode:**`0xb1`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** begin preparation of a new inner transaction in a new transaction group
- **Groups:**`Inner Transactions`

Notes`itxn_begin` initializes Sender to the application address; Fee to the minimum allowable, taking into account MinTxnFee and credit from overpaying in earlier transactions; FirstValid/LastValid to the values in the invoking transaction, and all other fields to zero or empty values.

### itxn\_field

[Section titled “itxn\_field”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#itxn_field)

- **Bytecode:**`0xb2`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** set field F of the current inner transaction to A
- **Groups:**`Inner Transactions`

Notes`itxn_field` fails if A is of the wrong type for F, including a byte array of the wrong size for use as an address when F is an address field. `itxn_field` also fails if A is an account, asset, or app that is not _available_, or an attempt is made extend an array field beyond the limit imposed by consensus parameters. (Addresses set into asset params of acfg transactions need not be _available_.)

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | Sender | address |
| 1 | Fee | uint64 |
| 2 | Note | \[\]byte |
| 3 | Receiver | address |
| 4 | Amount | uint64 |
| 5 | CloseRemainderTo | address |
| 6 | VotePK | \[32\]byte |
| 7 | SelectionPK | \[32\]byte |
| 8 | VoteFirst | uint64 |
| 9 | VoteLast | uint64 |
| 10 | VoteKeyDilution | uint64 |
| 11 | Type | \[\]byte |
| 12 | TypeEnum | uint64 |
| 13 | XferAsset | uint64 |
| 14 | AssetAmount | uint64 |
| 15 | AssetSender | address |
| 16 | AssetReceiver | address |
| 17 | AssetCloseTo | address |
| 18 | ApplicationID | uint64 |
| 19 | OnCompletion | uint64 |
| 20 | ApplicationArgs | \[\]byte |
| 21 | Accounts | address |
| 22 | ApprovalProgram | \[\]byte |
| 23 | ClearStateProgram | \[\]byte |
| 24 | RekeyTo | address |
| 25 | ConfigAsset | uint64 |
| 26 | ConfigAssetTotal | uint64 |
| 27 | ConfigAssetDecimals | uint64 |
| 28 | ConfigAssetDefaultFrozen | bool |
| 29 | ConfigAssetUnitName | \[\]byte |
| 30 | ConfigAssetName | \[\]byte |
| 31 | ConfigAssetURL | \[\]byte |
| 32 | ConfigAssetMetadataHash | \[32\]byte |
| 33 | ConfigAssetManager | address |
| 34 | ConfigAssetReserve | address |
| 35 | ConfigAssetFreeze | address |
| 36 | ConfigAssetClawback | address |
| 37 | FreezeAsset | uint64 |
| 38 | FreezeAssetAccount | address |
| 39 | FreezeAssetFrozen | bool |
| 40 | Assets | uint64 |
| 41 | Applications | uint64 |
| 42 | GlobalNumUint | uint64 |
| 43 | GlobalNumByteSlice | uint64 |
| 44 | LocalNumUint | uint64 |
| 45 | LocalNumByteSlice | uint64 |
| 46 | ExtraProgramPages | uint64 |
| 47 | Nonparticipation | bool |
| 48 | StateProofPK | \[64\]byte |
| 49 | ApprovalProgramPages | \[\]byte |
| 50 | ClearStateProgramPages | \[\]byte |
| 51 | RejectVersion | uint64 |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |

### itxn\_next

[Section titled “itxn\_next”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#itxn_next)

- **Bytecode:**`0xb6`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v6
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** begin preparation of a new inner transaction in the same transaction group
- **Groups:**`Inner Transactions`

Notes`itxn_next` initializes the transaction exactly as `itxn_begin` does

### itxn\_submit

[Section titled “itxn\_submit”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#itxn_submit)

- **Bytecode:**`0xb3`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** execute the current inner transaction group. Fail if executing this group would exceed the inner transaction limit, or if any transaction in the group fails.
- **Groups:**`Inner Transactions`

Notes`itxn_submit` resets the current transaction so that it can not be resubmitted. A new `itxn_begin` is required to prepare another inner transaction.

### itxna

[Section titled “itxna”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#itxna)

- **Bytecode:**`0xb5`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ith value of the array field F of the last inner transaction
- **Groups:**`Inner Transactions`

Field Reference

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |
| I | uint8 | a transaction field array index |

### itxnas

[Section titled “itxnas”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#itxnas)

- **Bytecode:**`0xc5`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v6
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ath value of the array field F of the last inner transaction
- **Groups:**`Inner Transactions`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |

### json\_ref

[Section titled “json\_ref”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#json_ref)

- **Bytecode:**`0x5f`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v7
- **Cost:** 25 + 2 per 7 bytes of A
- **Description:** key B’s value, of type R, from a [valid](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/jsonspec.md) utf-8 encoded json object A
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

Notes _Warning_: Usage should be restricted to very rare use cases, as JSON decoding is expensive and quite limited. In addition, JSON objects are large and not optimized for size.

Almost all smart contracts should use simpler and smaller methods (such as the [ABI](https://arc.algorand.foundation/ARCs/arc-0004). This opcode should only be used in cases where JSON is only available option, e.g. when a third-party only signs JSON.

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | JSONString | \[\]byte |
| 1 | JSONUint64 | uint64 |
| 2 | JSONObject | \[\]byte |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| R | uint8 | return type index |

### keccak256

[Section titled “keccak256”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#keccak256)

- **Bytecode:**`0x02`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[32]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 130
- **Description:** Keccak256 hash of value A, yields \[32\]byte
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

### len

[Section titled “len”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#len)

- **Bytecode:**`0x15`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** yields length of byte value A
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

### load

[Section titled “load”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#load)

- **Bytecode:**`0x34`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ith scratch space value. All scratch spaces are 0 at program start.
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I | uint8 | position in scratch space to load from |

### loads

[Section titled “loads”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#loads)

- **Bytecode:**`0x3e`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ath scratch space value. All scratch spaces are 0 at program start.
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### log

[Section titled “log”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#log)

- **Bytecode:**`0xb0`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** write A to log state of the current application
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Notes`log` fails if called more than MaxLogCalls times in a program, or if the sum of logged bytes exceeds 1024 bytes.

### match

[Section titled “match”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#match)

- **Bytecode:**`0x8e`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 0
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** given match cases from A\[1\] to A\[N\], branch to the Ith label where A\[I\] = B. Continue to the following instruction if no matches are found.
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Notes`match` consumes N+1 values from the stack. Let the top stack value be B. The following N values represent an ordered list of match cases/constants (A), where the first value (A\[0\]) is the deepest in the stack. The immediate arguments are an ordered list of N labels (T). `match` will branch to target T\[I\], where A\[I\] = B. If there are no matches then execution continues on to the next instruction.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TARGET … | varuint count, \[int16 (big-endian) …\] | list of labels |

### mimc

[Section titled “mimc”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#mimc)

- **Bytecode:**`0xe6`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[32]byte`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v11
- **Cost:** BN254Mp110=10 + 550 per 32 bytes of A; BLS12\_381Mp111=10 + 550 per 32 bytes of A
- **Description:** MiMC hash of scalars A, using curve and parameters specified by configuration C
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

Notes
A is a list of concatenated 32 byte big-endian unsigned integer scalars. Fail if A’s length is not a multiple of 32 or any element exceeds the curve modulus.

The MiMC hash function has known collisions since any input which is a multiple of the elliptic curve modulus will hash to the same value. MiMC is thus not a general purpose hash function, but meant to be used in zero knowledge applications to match a zk-circuit implementation.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| C | uint8 | configuration index |

### min\_balance

[Section titled “min\_balance”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#min_balance)

- **Bytecode:**`0x78`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** minimum required balance for account A, in microalgos. Required balance is affected by ASA, App, and Box usage. When creating or opting into an app, the minimum balance grows before the app code runs, therefore the increase is visible there. When deleting or closing out, the minimum balance decreases after the app executes. Changes caused by inner transactions or box usage are observable immediately following the opcode effecting the change.
- **Groups:**`State Access`

### mulw

[Section titled “mulw”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#mulw)

- **Bytecode:**`0x1d`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A times B as a 128-bit result in two uint64s. X is the high 64 bits, Y is the low
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### online\_stake

[Section titled “online\_stake”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#online_stake)

- **Bytecode:**`0x75`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v11
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** the total online stake in the agreement round
- **Groups:**`State Access`

### pop

[Section titled “pop”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#pop)

- **Bytecode:**`0x48`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** discard A
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

### popn

[Section titled “popn”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#popn)

- **Bytecode:**`0x46`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** remove N values from the top of the stack
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| N | uint8 | stack depth |

### proto

[Section titled “proto”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#proto)

- **Bytecode:**`0x8a`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Prepare top call frame for a retsub that will assume A args and R return values.
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Notes
Fails unless the last instruction executed was a `callsub`.

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| A | uint8 | number of arguments |
| R | uint8 | number of return values |

### pushbytes

[Section titled “pushbytes”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#pushbytes)

- **Bytecode:**`0x80`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 0
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** immediate BYTES
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Notes
pushbytes args are not added to the bytecblock during assembly processes

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| BYTES | varuint length, bytes | a byte constant |

### pushbytess

[Section titled “pushbytess”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#pushbytess)

- **Bytecode:**`0x82`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 0
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** push sequences of immediate byte arrays to stack (first byte array being deepest)
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Notes
pushbytess args are not added to the bytecblock during assembly processes

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| BYTES … | varuint count, \[varuint length, bytes …\] | a list of byte constants |

### pushint

[Section titled “pushint”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#pushint)

- **Bytecode:**`0x81`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 0
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** immediate UINT
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Notes
pushint args are not added to the intcblock during assembly processes

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| UINT | varuint | an int constant |

### pushints

[Section titled “pushints”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#pushints)

- **Bytecode:**`0x83`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 0
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** push sequence of immediate uints to stack in the order they appear (first uint being deepest)
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Notes
pushints args are not added to the intcblock during assembly processes

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| UINT … | varuint count, \[varuint …\] | a list of int constants |

### replace2

[Section titled “replace2”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#replace2)

- **Bytecode:**`0x5c`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v7
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Copy of A with the bytes starting at S replaced by the bytes of B. Fails if S+len(B) exceeds len(A)

`replace2` can be called using `replace` with 1 immediate.
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| S | uint8 | start position |

### replace3

[Section titled “replace3”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#replace3)

- **Bytecode:**`0x5d`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,uint64,[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v7
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Copy of A with the bytes starting at B replaced by the bytes of C. Fails if B+len(C) exceeds len(A)

`replace3` can be called using `replace` with no immediates.
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

### retsub

[Section titled “retsub”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#retsub)

- **Bytecode:**`0x89`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** pop the top instruction from the call stack and branch to it
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Notes
If the current frame was prepared by `proto A R`, `retsub` will remove the ‘A’ arguments from the stack, move the `R` return values down, and pop any stack locations above the relocated return values.

### return

[Section titled “return”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#return)

- **Bytecode:**`0x43`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** use A as success value; end
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

### select

[Section titled “select”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#select)

- **Bytecode:**`0x4d`
- **Stack Input:**`any,any,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** selects one of two values based on top-of-stack: B if C != 0, else A
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

### setbit

[Section titled “setbit”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#setbit)

- **Bytecode:**`0x54`
- **Stack Input:**`any,uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Copy of (byte-array or integer) A, with the Bth bit set to (0 or 1) C. If B is greater than or equal to the bit length of the value (8\*byte length), the program fails
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

Notes
When A is a uint64, index 0 is the least significant bit. Setting bit 3 to 1 on the integer 0 yields 8, or 2^3. When A is a byte array, index 0 is the leftmost bit of the leftmost byte. Setting bits 0 through 11 to 1 in a 4-byte-array of 0s yields the byte array 0xfff00000. Setting bit 3 to 1 on the 1-byte-array 0x00 yields the byte array 0x10.

### setbyte

[Section titled “setbyte”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#setbyte)

- **Bytecode:**`0x56`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Copy of A with the Bth byte set to small integer (between 0..255) C. If B is greater than or equal to the array length, the program fails
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

### sha256

[Section titled “sha256”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#sha256)

- **Bytecode:**`0x01`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[32]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 35
- **Description:** SHA256 hash of value A, yields \[32\]byte
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

### sha3\_256

[Section titled “sha3\_256”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#sha3_256)

- **Bytecode:**`0x98`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[32]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v7
- **Cost:** 130
- **Description:** SHA3\_256 hash of value A, yields \[32\]byte
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

### sha512\_256

[Section titled “sha512\_256”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#sha512_256)

- **Bytecode:**`0x03`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[32]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 45
- **Description:** SHA512\_256 hash of value A, yields \[32\]byte
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

### shl

[Section titled “shl”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#shl)

- **Bytecode:**`0x90`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A times 2^B, modulo 2^64
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### shr

[Section titled “shr”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#shr)

- **Bytecode:**`0x91`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A divided by 2^B
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### sqrt

[Section titled “sqrt”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#sqrt)

- **Bytecode:**`0x92`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`uint64`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v4
- **Cost:** 4
- **Description:** The largest integer I such that I^2 <= A
- **Groups:**`Arithmetic`

### store

[Section titled “store”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#store)

- **Bytecode:**`0x35`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** store A to the Ith scratch space
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I | uint8 | position in scratch space to store to |

### stores

[Section titled “stores”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#stores)

- **Bytecode:**`0x3f`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64,any`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** store B to the Ath scratch space
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

### substring

[Section titled “substring”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#substring)

- **Bytecode:**`0x51`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A range of bytes from A starting at S up to but not including E. If E < S, or either is larger than the array length, the program fails
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| S | uint8 | start position |
| E | uint8 | end position |

### substring3

[Section titled “substring3”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#substring3)

- **Bytecode:**`0x52`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,uint64,uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`[]byte`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** A range of bytes from A starting at B up to but not including C. If C < B, or either is larger than the array length, the program fails
- **Groups:**`Byte Array Manipulation`

### swap

[Section titled “swap”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#swap)

- **Bytecode:**`0x4c`
- **Stack Input:**`any,any`
- **Stack Output:**`any,any`
- **Size:** 1
- **Availability:** v3
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** swaps A and B on stack
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

### switch

[Section titled “switch”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#switch)

- **Bytecode:**`0x8d`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`-`
- **Size:** 0
- **Availability:** v8
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** branch to the Ath label. Continue at following instruction if index A exceeds the number of labels.
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TARGET … | varuint count, \[int16 (big-endian) …\] | list of labels |

### txn

[Section titled “txn”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#txn)

- **Bytecode:**`0x31`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v1
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** field F of current transaction
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Field Reference

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |

### txna

[Section titled “txna”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#txna)

- **Bytecode:**`0x36`
- **Stack Input:**`-`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 3
- **Availability:** v2
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ith value of the array field F of the current transaction

`txna` can be called using `txn` with 2 immediates.
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Field Reference

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |
| I | uint8 | transaction field array index |

### txnas

[Section titled “txnas”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#txnas)

- **Bytecode:**`0xc0`
- **Stack Input:**`uint64`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** Ath value of the array field F of the current transaction
- **Groups:**`Loading Values`

Field Reference

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | transaction field index |

### uncover

[Section titled “uncover”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#uncover)

- **Bytecode:**`0x4f`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`any`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v5
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** remove the value at depth N in the stack and shift above items down so the Nth deep value is on top of the stack. Fails if stack depth <= N.
- **Groups:**`Flow Control`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| N | uint8 | depth |

### voter\_params\_get

[Section titled “voter\_params\_get”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#voter_params_get)

- **Bytecode:**`0x74`
- **Stack Input:**`any`
- **Stack Output:**`any,bool`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v11
- **Cost:** 1
- **Description:** X is field F from online account A as of the balance round: 320 rounds before the current round. Y is 1 if A had positive algos online in the agreement round, else Y is 0 and X is a type specific zero-value
- **Groups:**`State Access`

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| F | uint8 | voter params field index |

### vrf\_verify

[Section titled “vrf\_verify”](https://dev.algorand.co/reference/algorand-teal/opcodes/#vrf_verify)

- **Bytecode:**`0xd0`
- **Stack Input:**`[]byte,[80]byte,[32]byte`
- **Stack Output:**`[64]byte,bool`
- **Size:** 2
- **Availability:** v7
- **Cost:** 5700
- **Description:** Verify the proof B of message A against pubkey C. Returns vrf output and verification flag.
- **Groups:**`Cryptography`

Notes`VrfAlgorand` is the VRF used in Algorand. It is ECVRF-ED25519-SHA512-Elligator2, specified in the IETF internet draft [draft-irtf-cfrg-vrf-03](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-irtf-cfrg-vrf/03/).

Field Reference

| Index | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | VrfAlgorand | - |

Immediate Parameters

| Name | Encoding | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| S | uint8 | parameters index |

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